6.5: Solving Quadratic Inequalities (2024)

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\):

Are \(-3\), \(-2\), and \(-1\) solutions to \(x^{2}-x-6 \leq 0 \)?

Solution

Substitute the given value in for \(x\) and simplify.

\(\begin{array} {r | r | r} {x^{2}-x-6\leq0}&{x^{2}-x-6\leq0}&{x^{2}-x-6\leq0} \\ {(\color{OliveGreen}{-3}\color{black}{)}^{2}-(\color{OliveGreen}{-3}\color{black}{)}-6\leq0}&{(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)}^{2}-(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)}-6\leq0}&{(\color{OliveGreen}{-1}\color{black}{)}^{2}-(\color{OliveGreen}{-1}\color{black}{)}-6\leq0} \\ {9+3-6\leq0}&{4+2-6\leq0}&{1+1-6\leq0} \\ {6\leq0\:\:\color{red}{✗}}&{0\leq0\:\:\color{Cerulean}{✓}}&{-4\leq0\:\:\color{Cerulean}{✓}} \end{array}\)

Answer:

\(-2\) and \(-1\) are solutions and \(-3\) is not.

Example \(\PageIndex{2}\):

Given the graph of \(f\) determine the solutions to \(f(x)>0\):

Because of the strict inequality, the solution set is shaded with an open dot on each of the boundaries. This indicates that these critical numbers are not actually included in the solution set. This solution set can be expressed two ways,

\(\begin{aligned}\{x |-4<&x<2\} &\color{Cerulean} { Set\: Notation } \\ (-4,&2) &\color{Cerulean} { Interval\: Notation }\end{aligned}\)

In this textbook, we will continue to present answers in interval notation.

Answer:

\((-4,2)\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

Given the graph of \(f\) determine the solutions to \(f (x) < 0\):

Answer

\((-\infty,-4) \cup(2, \infty)\)

www.youtube.com/v/kkBaoM8buBo

Example \(\PageIndex{3}\):

Solve: \(-x^{2}+6 x+7 \geq 0\).

Solution

It is important to note that this quadratic inequality is in standard form, with zero on one side of the inequality.

Step 1: Determine the critical numbers. For a quadratic inequality in standard form, the critical numbers are the roots. Therefore, set the function equal to zero and solve.

\(-x^{2}+6 x+7=0 \)
\(-\left(x^{2}-6 x-7\right)=0 \)
\(-(x+1)(x-7)=0 \)

\(\begin{aligned}x+1&=0 \:\:\:\:\text { or } &x-7=0 \\ x&=-1 &x=7\end{aligned}\)

The critical numbers are \(-1\) and \(7\).

Step 2: Create a sign chart. Since the critical numbers bound the regions where the function is positive or negative, we need only test a single value in each region. In this case the critical numbers partition the number line into three regions and we choose test values \(x = −3, x = 0\), and \(x = 10\).

Test values may vary. In fact, we need only determine the sign \((+\) or \(−)\) of the result when evaluating \(f (x) = −x^{2} + 6x + 7 = − (x + 1) (x − 7)\). Here we evaluate using the factored form.

\(\begin{aligned} f(\color{OliveGreen}{-3}\color{black}{)}&=-(\color{OliveGreen}{-3}\color{black}{+}1)(\color{OliveGreen}{-3}\color{black}{-}7) =-(-2)(-10)&=-\color{Cerulean} {Negative} \\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{)}&=-(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{+}1)(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{-}7) =-(1)(-7)&=+\color{Cerulean} { Positive } \\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{10}\color{black}{)}&=-(\color{OliveGreen}{10}\color{black}{+}1)(\color{OliveGreen}{10}\color{black}{-}7) =-(11)(3)&=-\color{Cerulean} {Negative} \end{aligned}\)

Since the result of evaluating for \(−3\) was negative, we place negative signs above the first region. The result of evaluating for \(0\) was positive, so we place positive signs above the middle region. Finally, the result of evaluating for \(10\) was negative, so we place negative signs above the last region, and the sign chart is complete.

Step 3: Use the sign chart to answer the question. In this case, we are asked to determine where \(f (x) ≥ 0\), or where the function is positive or zero. From the sign chart we see this occurs when \(x\)-values are inclusively between \(−1\) and \(7\).

Using interval notation, the shaded region is expressed as \([−1, 7]\). The graph is not required; however, for the sake of completeness it is provided below.

Indeed the function is greater than or equal to zero, above or on the \(x\)-axis, for \(x\)-values in the specified interval.

Answer:

\([-1,7]\)

Example \(\PageIndex{4}\):

Solve: \(2 x^{2}-7 x+3>0\).

Solution

Begin by finding the critical numbers, in this case, the roots of \(f(x)=2 x^{2}-7 x+3\).

\(\begin{aligned}2 x^{2}-7 x+3&=0 \\ (2 x-1)(x-3)&=0\end{aligned}\)

\(\begin{aligned} 2 x-1 &=0 \:\:\:\:\:\text { or }& x-3=0 \\ 2 x &=1 \quad &x=3 \\ x &=\frac{1}{2} \end{aligned}\)

The critical numbers are \(\frac{1}{2}\) and \(3\). Because of the strict inequality > we will use open dots.

Next choose a test value in each region and determine the sign after evaluating \(f (x) = 2x^{2} − 7x + 3 = (2x − 1) (x − 3)\). Here we choose test values \(−1, 2\), and \(5\).

\(\begin{aligned} f(\color{OliveGreen}{-1}\color{black}{)} &=[2(\color{OliveGreen}{-1}\color{black}{)}-1](\color{OliveGreen}{-1}\color{black}{-}3)&=(-)(-)=+\\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{2}\color{black}{)} &=[2(\color{OliveGreen}{2}\color{black}{)}-1](\color{OliveGreen}{2}\color{black}{-}3)&=(+)(-)=-\\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{5}\color{black}{)} &=[2(\color{OliveGreen}{5}\color{black}{)}-1](\color{OliveGreen}{5}\color{black}{-}3)&=(+)(+)=+\end{aligned}\)

And we can complete the sign chart.

The question asks us to find the \(x\)-values that produce positive results (greater than zero). Therefore, shade in the regions with a \(+\) over them. This is the solution set.

Answer:

\(\left(-\infty, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cup(3, \infty)\)

Example \(\PageIndex{5}\):

Solve: \(x^{2}-2 x-11 \leq 0\)

Solution

Find the critical numbers.

\(x^{2}-2 x-11=0\)

Identify \(a, b\), and \(c\) for use in the quadratic formula. Here \(a = 1, b = −2\), and \(c = −11\). Substitute the appropriate values into the quadratic formula and then simplify.

\(\begin{aligned} x &=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a} \\ &=\frac{-(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)} \pm \sqrt{(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)}^{2}-4(\color{OliveGreen}{1}\color{black}{)}(\color{OliveGreen}{-11}\color{black}{)}}}{2(\color{OliveGreen}{1}\color{black}{)}} \\ &=\frac{2 \pm \sqrt{48}}{2} \\ &=\frac{2 \pm 4 \sqrt{3}}{2} \\ &=1 \pm 2 \sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\)

Therefore the critical numbers are \(1-2 \sqrt{3} \approx-2.5\) and \(1+2 \sqrt{3} \approx 4.5\). Use a closed dot on the number to indicate that these values will be included in the solution set.

Here we will use test values \(−5, 0\), and \(7\).

\(\begin{aligned} f(\color{OliveGreen}{-5}\color{black}{)}&=(\color{OliveGreen}{-5}\color{black}{)}^{2}-2(\color{OliveGreen}{-5}\color{black}{)}-11 =25+10-11&=+\\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{)}&=(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{)}^{2}-2(\color{OliveGreen}{0}\color{black}{)}-11 =0+0-11&=-\\ f(\color{OliveGreen}{7}\color{black}{)}&=(\color{OliveGreen}{7}\color{black}{)}^{2}-2(\color{OliveGreen}{7}\color{black}{)}-11 =49-14-11&=+\end{aligned}\)

After completing the sign chart shade in the values where the function is negative as indicated by the question \((f (x) ≤ 0)\).

Answer:

\([1-2 \sqrt{3}, 1+2 \sqrt{3}]\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Solve: \(9-x^{2}>0\).

Answer

\((-3,3)\)

www.youtube.com/v/7gMJ8gUvASw

Example \(\PageIndex{6}\):

Solve: \(x^{2}-2 x+3>0\).

Solution

To find the critical numbers solve,

\(x^{2}-2 x+3=0\)

Substitute \(a = 1, b = −2\), and \(c = 3\) into the quadratic formula and then simplify.

\(\begin{aligned} x &=\frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4 a c}}{2 a} \\ &=\frac{-(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)} \pm \sqrt{(\color{OliveGreen}{-2}\color{black}{)}^{2}-4(\color{OliveGreen}{1}\color{black}{)}(\color{OliveGreen}{3}\color{black}{)}}}{2(\color{OliveGreen}{1}\color{black}{)}} \\ &=\frac{2 \pm \sqrt{-8}}{2} \\ &=\frac{2 \pm 2 i \sqrt{2}}{2} \\ &=1+i \sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\)

Because the solutions are not real, we conclude there are no real roots; hence there are no critical numbers. When this is the case, the graph has no \(x\)-intercepts and is completely above or below the \(x\)-axis. We can test any value to create a sign chart. Here we choose \(x = 0\).

\(f(0)=(0)^{2}-2(0)+3=+\)

Because the test value produced a positive result the sign chart looks as follows:

We are looking for the values where \(f (x) > 0\); the sign chart implies that any real number for \(x\) will satisfy this condition.

Answer:

\((-\infty, \infty)\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)

Solve: \(9 x^{2}-12 x+4 \leq 0\)

Answer

One solution, \(\frac{2}{3}\).

www.youtube.com/v/E7VcOYVV_Ds

Example \(\PageIndex{7}\):

Find the domain: \(f(x)=\sqrt{x^{2}-4}\).

Solution

Recall that the argument of a square root function must be nonnegative. Therefore, the domain consists of all real numbers for \(x\) such that \(x^{2} − 4\) is greater than or equal to zero.

\(x^{2}-4 \geq 0\)

It should be clear that \(x^{2} − 4 = 0\) has two solutions \(x = ±2\); these are the critical values. Choose test values in each interval and evaluate \(f (x) = x^{2} − 4\).

\(\begin{aligned} f(-3) &=(-3)^{2}-4=9-4=+\\ f(0) &=(0)^{2}-4=0-4=-\\ f(3) &=(3)^{2}-4=9-4=+\end{aligned}\)

Shade in the \(x\)-values that produce positive results.

Answer:

Domain: \((-\infty,-2] \cup[2, \infty)\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)

Determine whether or not the given value is a solution.

1. \(x^{2}-x+1<0 ; x=-1\)
2. \(x^{2}+x-1>0 ; x=-2\)
3. \(4 x^{2}-12 x+9 \leq 0 ; x=\frac{3}{2}\)
4. \(5 x^{2}-8 x-4<0 ; x=-\frac{2}{5}\)
5. \(3 x^{2}-x-2 \geq 0 ; x=0\)
6. \(4 x^{2}-x+3 \leq 0 ; x=-1\)
7. \(2-4 x-x^{2}<0 ; x=\frac{1}{2}\)
8. \(5-2 x-x^{2}>0 ; x=0\)
9. \(-x^{2}-x-9<0 ; x=-3\)
10. \(-x^{2}+x-6 \geq 0 ; x=6\)

Answer

1. No

3. Yes

5. No

7. Yes

9. Yes

Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)

Given the graph of \(f\) determine the solution set.

1. \(f(x) \leq 0\);

2. \(f(x) \geq 0\);

3. \(f(x) \geq 0\);

4. \(f(x) \leq 0\);

5. \(f(x)>0\);

6. \(f(x)<0\);

7. \(f(x)>0\);

8. \(f(x)<0\);

9. \(f(x) \geq 0\);

10. \(f(x)<0\);

Answer

1. \([-4,2]\)

3. \([-1,3]\)

5. \((-\infty, \infty)\)

7. \((-\infty, 4) \cup(8, \infty)\)

9. \(\{-10\}\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)

Use the transformations to graph the following and then determine the solution set.

1. \(x^{2}-1>0\)
2. \(x^{2}+2>0\)
3. \((x-1)^{2}>0\)
4. \((x+2)^{2} \leq 0\)
5. \((x+2)^{2}-1 \leq 0\)
6. \((x+3)^{2}-4>0\)
7. \(-x^{2}+4 \geq 0\)
8. \(-(x+2)^{2}>0\)
9. \(-(x+3)^{2}+1<0\)
10. \(-(x-4)^{2}+9>0\)

Answer

1. \((-\infty,-1) \cup(1, \infty)\)

3. \((-\infty, 1) \cup(1, \infty)\)

5. \([-3,-1]\)

7. \([-2,2]\)

9. \((-\infty,-4) \cup(-2, \infty)\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\)

Use a sign chart to solve and graph the solution set. Present answers using interval notation.

1. \(x^{2}-x-12>0\)
2. \(x^{2}-10 x+16>0\)
3. \(x^{2}+2 x-24<0\)
4. \(x^{2}+15 x+54<0\)
5. \(x^{2}-23 x-24 \leq 0\)
6. \(x^{2}-12 x+20 \leq 0\)
7. \(2 x^{2}-11 x-6 \geq 0\)
8. \(3 x^{2}+17 x-6 \geq 0\)
9. \(8 x^{2}-18 x-5<0\)
10. \(10 x^{2}+17 x+6>0\)
11. \(9 x^{2}+30 x+25 \leq 0\)
12. \(16 x^{2}-40 x+25 \leq 0\)
13. \(4 x^{2}-4 x+1>0\)
14. \(9 x^{2}+12 x+4>0\)
15. \(-x^{2}-x+30 \geq 0\)
16. \(-x^{2}-6 x+27 \leq 0\)
17. \(x^{2}-64<0\)
18. \(x^{2}-81 \geq 0\)
19. \(4 x^{2}-9 \geq 0\)
20. \(16 x^{2}-25<0\)
21. \(25-4 x^{2} \geq 0\)
22. \(1-49 x^{2}<0\)
23. \(x^{2}-8>0\)
24. \(x^{2}-75 \leq 0\)
25. \(2 x^{2}+1>0\)
26. \(4 x^{2}+3<0\)
27. \(x-x^{2}>0\)
28. \(3 x-x^{2} \leq 0\)
29. \(x^{2}-x+1<0\)
30. \(x^{2}+x-1>0\)
31. \(4 x^{2}-12 x+9 \leq 0\)
32. \(5 x^{2}-8 x-4<0\)
33. \(3 x^{2}-x-2 \geq 0\)
34. \(4 x^{2}-x+3 \leq 0\)
35. \(2-4 x-x^{2}<0\)
36. \(5-2 x-x^{2}>0\)
37. \(-x^{2}-x-9<0\)
38. \(-x^{2}+x-6 \geq 0\)
39. \(-2 x^{2}+4 x-1 \geq 0\)
40. \(-3 x^{2}-x+1 \leq 0\)

Answer

1. \((-\infty,-3) \cup(4, \infty)\)

3. \((-6,4)\)

5. \([-1,24]\)

7. \(\left(-\infty,-\frac{1}{2}\right] \cup[6, \infty)\)

9. \(\left(-\frac{1}{4}, \frac{5}{2}\right)\)

11. \(-\frac{5}{3}\)

13. \(\left(-\infty, \frac{1}{2}\right) \cup\left(\frac{1}{2}, \infty\right)\)

15. \([-6,5]\)

17. \((-8,8)\)

19. \(\left(-\infty,-\frac{3}{2}\right] \cup\left[\frac{3}{2}, \infty\right)\)

21. \(\left[-\frac{5}{2}, \frac{5}{2}\right]\)

23. \((-\infty,-2 \sqrt{2}) \cup(2 \sqrt{2}, \infty)\)

25. \((-\infty, \infty)\)

27. \((0,1)\)

29. \(\emptyset\)

31. \(\frac{3}{2}\)

33. \(\left(-\infty,-\frac{2}{3}\right] \cup[1, \infty)\)

35. \((-\infty,-2-\sqrt{6}) \cup(-2+\sqrt{6}, \infty)\)

37. \((-\infty, \infty)\)

39. \(\left[\frac{2-\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{2+\sqrt{2}}{2}\right]\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{8}\)

Find the domain of the function.

1. \(f(x)=\sqrt{x^{2}-25}\)
2. \(f(x)=\sqrt{x^{2}+3 x}\)
3. \(g(x)=\sqrt{3 x^{2}-x-2}\)
4. \(g(x)=\sqrt{12 x^{2}-9 x-3}\)
5. \(h(x)=\sqrt{16-x^{2}}\)
6. \(h(x)=\sqrt{3-2 x-x^{2}}\)
7. \(f(x)=\sqrt{x^{2}+10}\)
8. \(f(x)=\sqrt{9+x^{2}}\)
9. A robotics manufacturing company has determined that its weekly profit in thousands of dollars is modeled by \(P (n) = −n^{2} + 30n − 200\) where \(n\) represents the number of units it produces and sells. How many units must the company produce and sell to maintain profitability. (Hint: Profitability occurs when profit is greater than zero.)
10. The height in feet of a projectile shot straight into the air is given by \(h (t) = −16t^{2} + 400t\) where \(t\) represents the time in seconds after it is fired. In what time intervals is the projectile under \(1,000\) feet? Round to the nearest tenth of a second.

Answer

1. \((-\infty,-5] \cup[5, \infty)\)

3. \(\left(-\infty,-\frac{2}{3}\right] \cup[1, \infty)\)

5. \([-4,4]\)

7. \((-\infty, \infty)\)

9. The company must produce and sell more than \(10\) units and fewer than \(20\) units each week.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{9}\)

1. Does the sign chart for any given quadratic function always alternate? Explain and illustrate your answer with some examples.
2. Research and discuss other methods for solving a quadratic inequality.
3. Explain the difference between a quadratic equation and a quadratic inequality. How can we identify and solve each? What is the geometric interpretation of each?

Answer

1. Answer may vary

3. Answer may vary